A key debate in the United States, as in other countries, relates to the cost of higher education, whether higher education is affordable, especially for students from lower-income families, and where the responsibilities for funding postsecondary education should lie. Recently, the Lumina Foundation [1], a private research group, released a study claiming that the cost of college is skyrocketing. It said that low-income students can no longer afford to attend college, that a growing number of graduates are saddled with massive debts after graduation and that higher costs have led to a growing dropout problem and diminishing access. The implication is that colleges and universities are gouging students and their families. The reality is more complex than the headlines indicate, and it is not true that public colleges are overcharging. Lumina has highlighted a key reality of higher education in the new millennium — in America and much of the rest of the world, the cost of higher education has been shifted from the state to the student. It is not a surprise that costs have shot up. Indeed, it is part of a long-term and deliberate policy initiative by government at all levels.
There are three elements to this tectonic shift in public higher education policy over the past three decades. They can be summarized as public good vs. private good, high tuition and high aid, and send the masses to the community colleges.
Public and Private Benefits
Public higher education was at one time based on the belief that college and university degrees benefited society by adding to the skills of the population, and thereby improving the economy, increasing tax revenues and in general adding to the “public good.” The more people who could attend college and benefit from advanced study, the better. The data are very clear that a college degree leads to higher income and greater civic participation. It is, without question, a good investment. Because of the clear social benefits of higher education, society, it was argued, should invest in it. There was general agreement in most states and at the federal level that government should provide most of the funding for public higher education. That commitment started to erode in the 1970s, when conservative economists began to argue that the benefits accruing with higher education went to individuals and were therefore a “private good” for which individuals and their families should pay. An additional concomitant of the private good idea is that grants have been changed to loans — placing major burdens on many college graduates. This ideological shift, combined with growing pressures on public budgets, led to a dramatic change in thinking about public education. Most states have been slowly shifting the cost of public higher education from tax revenues to tuition paid by students. Many states now provide less than one-third the cost of public higher education, with students paying the rest.
High Tuition-High Aid
Another major public policy change in many states has been an effort to ensure that those who can afford to pay for public higher education are charged and those who need financial assistance receive it. In the old days, studies found that many students attending public universities were from families who could have afforded to pay a reasonably high tuition. The state was basically subsidizing the wealthy. Faced with fiscal shortfalls, tuition levels were raised and money put aside for needs-based scholarships and grant programs. The concept of high tuition-high aid makes sense in an era of limited public spending as it ensures access to those who cannot afford tuition. The problem is that in many states high tuition has remained, but “high aid” has not been maintained — the result being that the poor are in some ways even worse off.
The Community Colleges
Increasing numbers of students have been encouraged to attend two-year community colleges for the first part of undergraduate education, transferring to a four-year school for the completion of their studies. Community colleges typically charge lower tuition — and they are much less costly for the states to operate than are four-year colleges. Thus, students save money through lower direct tuition and the states save money by the lower operating costs. Students may also save on housing costs because they usually attend community colleges within commuting distance. Students, however, lose the experience of the campus environment and the curricular continuity and coherence of four-year college education. Policymakers love the community college alternative simply because it saves money.
Other Examples
Other countries offer alternatives to American thinking. In Western Europe, tuition remains low, or in some cases entirely free. There is still a commitment to the “public good” argument. The European experience shows that modern postindustrial societies can support public higher education systems and provide access to growing numbers of students. In Australia, where there has been a U.S.-style shift to the “private good” idea, the funding system is based on a concept of a tax on the earnings of university graduates — degree holders pay back the cost of their higher education, over time, based on their incomes. There is less of an immediate burden on individuals and a greater degree of equity. These examples show that there are other ways to think about financing large higher education systems.
The Logic of the System
The unaffordability of public higher education that the Lumina Foundation highlights is no surprise. Indeed, it is a logical and inevitable result of the changes in public policy of the recent past. To make higher education more affordable will require another philosophical and ideological change — one that is unlikely to occur in today’s political and economic climate.
The preceding article originally appeared in the Spring 2002 edition of International Higher Education, a publication of the Boston College Center for International Higher Education.